This paper examines the issue of multiple allegiances within the Sudanese state, where tribal affiliation has risen to the top of the hierarchy of identities at the expense of national loyalty. This dynamic has negatively affected national integration and nation-building. The paper argues that this problem is more evident among border tribes with transnational ties. It focuses on Darfur, particularly the Zaghawa and Rizeigat (Abbala) tribes, as case studies due to their strong connections with neighboring countries—especially Chad—and the complex context of Darfur, where internal and regional conflicts have further complicated networks of allegiance.
The study highlights how state policies have deepened tribal divisions and reinforced external affiliations through militia formation, targeted violence, developmental neglect, and political marginalization. By analyzing how these two groups interact with both the state and one another, the paper explains how such loyalties have evolved and identifies the factors shaping tribal political choices and participation in decision-making. Finally, the paper proposes practical policy solutions grounded in development and community empowerment. It calls for enhancing both direct and indirect political participation of local communities by integrating traditional structures into state institutions within a hybrid governance framework, adopting community-based development models, leveraging cross-border ties as opportunities for regional cooperation, and limiting external interventions by international organizations.
These recommendations aim to strengthen citizens’ sense of belonging to the state and gradually reduce the dominance of tribal identity, paving the way for a distinct Sudanese governance model that harmonizes traditional and modern systems while placing communities at the heart of national development.
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